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In the early morning hours of 19 June 1906 Simon Peter Gunanoot, an Indian of the Tsimpsian nation, was illegally drinking in the Two Mile Hotel near Hazelton, British Columbia. Gunanoot was a prosperous storekeeper at a nearby village, a substantial rancher and an outstanding hunter-trapper. A Christian businessman with wife and children, Gunanoot described himself as a "white man" and was considered by his white neighbours as one of the "good" Indians. Both assumptions would be severely tested by events in the next few hours. The owner of the hotel, known as "the Geezer," made a lifelong habit of disappearing when wanted. Now he was passed out drunk, with many of his cronies. Bartending in his stead was an unruly, loudmouthed packtrain cowboy named Alexander Macintosh, by then approaching "la gloire" on free liquor. Macintosh made the mistake of casting aspersions on Gunanoot's wife Sarah. It seems certain he questioned her virtue and may well have claimed or implied that he himself had seduced her. Under the Indian code seduction of one's spouse justified killing. A drunken brawl ensued. Macintosh cut Gunanoot's cheek with a knife and gave his opponent a bruised and bloody face with his fists. Mad with drink and humiliation, Gunanoot left, vowing to return with a gun and "fix" Macintosh. At about 8 a.m. Macintosh was found shot to death on a nearby trail. A short time later a second body was discovered about two miles away from the first: the remains of Maxwell Leclair, another packtrain cowboy, with whom neither Gunanoot nor Macintosh had had any known previous connection. Both had been killed by a single shot upwards through the body; that is, they had apparently been ambushed while on horseback by a man on foot or lying prone. The Crown was unable to find any direct evidence — whether of footprints, ballistics or eyewitnesses — linking Gunannot to either shooting.

All fubftanccs taken into the human ftomach, may be confidered as food, medicinc, poifon, or inert matters; and thefe denominations depend more on the quantities or dofes, than on the qualities of the fubftances themfelves. We do not, however, wifh to extend this polition fo far, as to intimate that we believe arfenic may be fo dofed as to become a nutritious food, or water gruel a deadly poifon. What we wilh to Hate, is, that in the fcience of medicine, quality has been more attended to than it merited, and quantity almoft entirely overlooked. This accufation could not, with juftice, be applied to phyficians of the two or three preceding centuries, for they feldom prefcribed a draught or potion of fewer than fix or eight ounces, and often double that quantity. Eut modern refinement, luxury, and quackery, have very generally induced a belief, that difeafes may be cured by dofes of grains cr ounces, by fyrups or watering places, by fleecy hofiery or tepid baths. Nay, nothing is more commonly faid by fqueamilh patients, than that they cannot take medicine, or fubmit to regimen; and yet they' expect to be cured.
In thefe times, when the very mention of rhubarb, opium, or mercury to a patient is fufneient to prevent their being taken, nothing could have been more injurious than the publifhing the compofition of all the principal formula; in Engliih. _ Every practitioner of experience muft have obferved the great difference that arifes between the treatment-of a patient who has ? been bred to the profeffion, and one who never heard the name of a medicine before his prefent illnefs: he muft have obferved and lamented the caufe of this difference. The late juftly-eminent Dr. Warren, in his laft illnefs, told Sir George Baker, who attended him, that medicine ivas of no ufe to him. Now this particular obiervation of a very great phyfician, is often made by perfons totally ignorant of medical fcicnce, who yet imagine they are capable of . judging jDr. Regnault on Pulmonary Consumption. [Reviev/ judging of the effe&s of medicines on their own confutations. If a patient has confidence in his phylician, he fhould yield him implicit obedience ; if not, he fhould fend for another. Nothing can be more unjufl than to make a medical practitioner refponfible for the event of a difeafe of which he had not the entire dire&ion of the treatment; and yet nothing is more common thin this fpecies of injuftice. We have been induced to offer thele remarks from a belief that thcfe who ought to be the patrons and guardians of medical fcience, have fallen into the fame error as Jack did, who tore the lace off his coat with fuch violence that he tore the coat to pieces.
To return to the work before us; the objefl of which is to recommend a remedy, or rather a medicine and regimen which had never been exhibited in the moft advantageous manner, for the cure of Pthifis, by the Author's predeceffors.
Dr. R. lays no claim to the difcovery of a panacea, or even a fpecific for all poflible cafes of confumpcion. What he appears to \vifh, is to call the attention of the public to the properelt mode of dofing and adminiftering a fubftance which had long been acknowledged as a valuable remedy in affections of the lungs.
We have often employed it ourfelves with decided advantage in thofe complaints, in confequence of the recommendation of Dr. Crichton; but we now believe, in dofes too fmall to produce its full effeft.
Without feeking for explanations in the various acrimonies of the humoral pathology, which is now beeome obfolete, we are compelled by experience to confefs, that fpices, fpirits, ilrong beer, and even animal food, always aggravate the cough in common catarrhs, as well as confumption ; and that mucilaginous fubftances, on the contrary, allay or diminifh it. The truth is, that various fluids, taken into the ftomachs of adults, pafs through the ladleals into the circulation, without undergoing that complete animalization which has been fuppofed. How, otnerwife, could an infant at the brealt be intoxicated, or purged, by what the mother takes ? inftances of which occur daily. If then it be admitted, that the blood itfelf may be materially changed, in its power of irritating and inflaming the lungs, by diet and medicine; and that the irritation produced in the lungs, by the blood, is the caufe of the fuppuration of the tubercules, or the means of perpetuating the ulceration by the inceffance of the cough ; it will not be difficult to conceive, that fuch a plan as Dr. R. recommends will generally be found beneficial. It is not, however, to theoretical reafoning that he feems defirous of appealing, though a few obfervations of that kind appear in feveral parts of his pamphlet, but to fadts, and the experience of ten years in different parts of Europe.
As it is an objeft of importance to avoid the impofitions or obviate the ignorance of herb-gatherers, Dr R begins with giving the fynonymes and chara&ers of the lichen from the moft eminent botanifts, with a full defcription of the plant, illuftrated by a coloured plate, and the places where it flourifnes ; he then mentions $he opinions of a confiderable number of phyficians on the continen t, tinent, who have thought highly of its medicinal virtues, both in. phthifis and fome other difeafes, particularly tabes dorfalis and hooping cough.
As the chief objeft of Dr. R's pamphlet is to recommend a new and improved manner of employing this lichen, he is minute in his directions for its purification and preparation. His general pra&ice is to prepare an extraft or jelly, by boiling ^vj of the lichen, which has been wafhed clean in boiling water, in ftjvj of fpring water for an hour or more, and then evaporating the ftrained deco&ion, witk the addition of ^vj of refined fugar, to the confidence of a fyrup or jelly. This he gives either alone, or mixed with milk, fyrups, &c. to the quantity of three or four ounces or more daily, which conftitutes the medicinal exhibition. He next confiders the virtues of this mofs, when ufed as an article of diet, which is a very common practice in Iceland ; and we find by our papers, that a Ruffian has lately obtained a patent for making bread of it. Dr. R. feems, in the cure of confumption, to prefer the ufe of it with chocolate to any other form of food. He concludes this part of his work with a few rules refpe&ing the diet and regimen of confumptive patients ; and.then commences the hiftory of about twenty cafes, fele&ed fo as to introduce as much variety as pofiible. The cafes appear to us fair, and feveral of them feem fufficiently defperate to give the plan a full trial; but all terminate favourably. We fhould have been better ple-ifed if a few unfuccefsful ones had been added, or we had been told that he had never met with a cafe which aid not yield to his method of treatment. The credit notwithftandir.g of his method of cure will not reft merely on cafes contained in his work; other pra&itioners will foon have recourfe to a remedy fo fimple, fo fafe, and fopleafant. To give it,however, a fair trial,it fhouid be exhibited ?precifely according to his dire&ions, both as to medicine, diet, and regimen ; and there can be no doubt that it will often be tried in cafes which are become incurable, and where it will fail of fuccefs.
But if it faves only one third of thofe who perifh annually by phthifis, Dr. R. will merit the warmeft gratitude of the public. If his hopes fhould be confirmed by the experience of others, there can be na doubt that the lichen will become a confiderable article Of commerce; and we fhall be regularly fupplied from Iceland itfelf, where the beft kind is produced in great abundance.
The work concludes with a review of feveral of the means and remedies which have been propofed by others for the cure of confumption, with the author's objections to them. Indeed, their inefficacy alone would be a fufficient objection, if they were merely innocent; but feveral of them appear to be injurious in phthifis.
We join in the author's requefc to praftitioners, that they will communicate the refult of their cx: erience, f unded upon a candid, fair, and accurate trial of the plan propofed ; convinced that it never can injure any patient, and believing that it will always aiiord relief, even when it cannot efFe?t a cure.

SVMB. XLTs
A Com- Badcock. 1802, Though the health of man conftitutes the principal objett of our Journal, we do not, on that account, propofe to exclude the anatomy, phyfiology> or treatment, when in a ftate of difeafe of other animals. Nay, fo intimately is the health of human beings connefted with that of other animals, that we may aflert the perfedlion of the former to be unattainable without the latter. Dr. Jenner has obferved, how much the domeftication of animals, for the purpofes of luxury, may have contributed to increafe the catalogue of human difeafes; and we may obferve, that the fame domeftication daily contributes, in an eminent degree, to the prevention or cure of difeafes which it cannot be accufed of producing.
The noble animal, the health of which ^ the obje?l of the work before us, is now become a neceflary as vel{ as a luxury ; and we relating fome of the obferved fafts, " It is not aftonifliing, therefore, that the form of the head, and the proportions of the two parts which compofe it, are indications of the faculties of animals, of their inftinft, of their docility, and, in a word, of all their fenlitive being. This circumftance renders the ftudy of thefe proportions highly important to the naturalift." If we might any where expe?l the ingenious author to give the reins to his imagination, and quit the path of fimple defcription which he had hitherto purfued, it would be here, in following up this curious and interefting fubjeft; but this is not the cafe, fails are ftill his principal and almoft his only objeft, and the reader, who is in fearch of fa&s, will give the author high credit for his forbearance.
He introduces, in a few words, the meafurements of the different parts of the head that have been made by Camper, Blumenbach? and other anatomifts, who have peculiarly attended to Cranio/copy, which is founded on the following principles : The two organs which occupy thp greateft portion of the face, are thofe of fmell and tafte, and in proportion as thefe are developed, the proportional magnitude of the face, with refpefl to the cranium, is increafed ; and vice verfa. An extenfive cranium and a fmall face, therefore, indicate a large brain with little developeinent of the organs of tafte and fmell, while the oppofite proportions point out a brain of fmall volume, with very perfect organs of tafte and fmelling.
The nature of each animal depends, in a great meafure, on the relative energy of each of its functions, and it may be faid to be influenced and governed by thofe fenfations which are the mofi powerful. The brain is the common centre of the nerves, where all perceptions terminate, and it is the inftrument in which the mind combines thofe perceptions, compares them, refle?b, and thinks. Animals appear to enjoy the thinking faculty more perfectly, z? proportion as the snafs of the ?neduliary fubjlance, -which forms their brain, furpajfes that nuhich confitutes the remainder of their nervous fyftem, that is to fay, in proportion as the central organ of the fenfes exceeds their external organs. This proportion lies peculiarly convenient for examination in the cranium and face, as the former contains the whole of the brain, and the latter the organs of the fenfes, efpecially thofe of fmell and tafte, which aft with the greateft force on animals, as they govern the two moft commanding palfions of hunger and love.
Man has, of all animals, the largeft cranium and the fmalleft face, that is to fay, as we have before laid down, the central organ of the fenfes exceeds the external organs in greater proportion thaij.
in other animals.
One of the means adopted by Camper, in order to (hew this relative proportion, and which is very fimple though not always fufficient, is to meafure the angle which the facial line makes witty fhp basilar or the bafis of the cranium, ^hc facial line is fup? pofed to pafs along the edge of the incifor teeth, and the moft prominent part of the forehead. The bafilar line of the cranium, is that which bifeds longitudinally a plane paffing through the external meatus auditorii on each fide, and the inferior edge of the anterior aperture of the noftrils. 'Hence it follows, that the more the cranium is enlarged, the more will the forehead project forward, and the Facial line will form a larger angle with the bafilar. ^ In man, this angle is much larger than in the other mammalia, and the ancients appeared to have laid much ftrefs on the height of the facial line as a chara&e: iitic of a noble nature, fince, in their reprefentations of gods and heroes, they ufuallv made it quite perpendicular, (that i=, at an angle of 90 degrees with the bafilar line) or even proje&ing forward, which is out of all human proportion.
But {hall we venture to launch out fo far on this hypothefis as to infer that the proportional fcale of intelledl in man is regulated (ceteris paribus) by the height of the facial angle? In different races of the human fpecies we find even more difference in this angle than exifls between man and brutes. There are, likewife, two important circumilances which aftedt the angle of the facial line ; age is one of them, for an infant will be born with this line at 90?; and, in the fame individual, old age'will often fink it to 7 5? j the depth of the frontal finvjfes is the other ; for, as the author obferves, in the farcophaga, or carnivorous animals, in the hog, the elephant, and fome others, the extent of the frontal finuffes fwell the cranium in front, and confequently elevate the facial line more than the proportinn of the brain would requite. The following are fome of the meafurements of' this angle given However it may flatter the European phyfiologiil to trace the gradual fall of the facial line from himfelf, through the negro, to the ape, the monkey, the dog, and to the reft of the brute creation, we ought furely to receive with fome caution, a fyftem, which (independently of numerous anomalies and exceptions that might be pointed out) places the human native of Africa on fo near a level with the brute. _ An accurate defcription of the ofleology of the head in man and different animals is fubjoined, which properly prepares the reader for the full and comprehenfive view of the nervous fyttem, the brain, and tne organs of fenfe, which occupy the greater part of the volume. A retraikably clear and elegant fketch of the general organization of the nervous fyftem, introduces the anatomical defen ption of its feveial members. In this, the author adduces feveral arguments to prove the apparent homogeniety of the parts of the nervous ?fyftem, and hence he infers that the appropriation of particular nerves to the acquirement of determined fenfations, is more to be attributed to the acceffary circuraftances of blood vellels, and the the like, which render thefe nerves fit for thefe individual offices, than to any original difference in their ftru&ure.
-Hence it would follow, that it is only on account of the fituation, and what may be termed the external relations of the optic nerve, th3t it is peculiarly devoted to the fenfe of feeing, and fo of the reft-_ Jt is inconfiftent with the author's plan, however, to purfue thefe ideas at large, and he foon quits them to return to the ftri&ly anatomical part of this interefling fubjeft.
After defcribin^ the general diftribution of the nerves in man, and other animals, the author devotes feparate chapters to thQ.fr-ue fenfest as they are ufually termed, which he gives in the order of the eye, the ear, the touch, the fmell, and the tafte. The defcription of the organs appropriated to each of thefe funftions, is very compleat and comprehenfive; to give more than the anatomy of parts would require diltinft treatifes on optics, phonics, &c. entirely foreign from the purpofe of the work; but occafional digreilions into thefe fubjftts' are introduced, which lhew a familiar acquaintance with the laws of thefe branches of natural philofophy. The anatomy of the organ of hearing is treated of more in detail, than thofe of the other fenfes, on account of the vaft variety of its parts, the intricacy of their diftribution, and the deep refearches of fome of the molt emin?nt anatomills to which it has given rife.
Here terminates the fecond volume of this highly valuable, but as. yet unfiniihed work. Though incomplete, it is not, however, imperfeft, or hereby rendered in any degree unfit for prefent ufe ; the anatomical descriptions are full yet concife, perfe&ly clear and intelligible {as far as can be done without drawings or reference to particular fpecimens) but not tedious and verbofe; and as thefe volumes fupoly, in fo admirable a m inner, the want which has long been feverely felt, of a general view of Comparative Anatomy, every anatomic and ftudent of anatomy will feel the higheft obligations to the illuftrious author, and earnellly wilh for a completion-of his labours.
The transition is uniformly good, and appears to be executed with perfeft fidelity. The tranilstor has had the advantage of the afiiftance and infpe&ion of Mr. Macartney, who, in the prefatory advertifement, has given the reader entire fecurity in all the effential points, by acknowledging himfelf " refponfible for the fidelity of the tranflation as far as refpefts the fcience." He has like wife taken coniiderable pains to adopt the new French nomenclature of anatomy, employed by the author, to the Latin, and (where it could be done) to the Englidi terms in common ufe, a tafk which considerably increafes its value to the Engiiih reader.
As we hope foon to fee a completion of this excellent work by the learned and eminent author, we truft that when it appears it will fpeediiy be given in an Englifh drefs; and we fhall beg leave to fuggeit, that bclides a copious index, fome comparative view of the anatomical nomenclature of the refpedtive countries will then t*2 peculiarly acceptable. Diseases of the knee joint are juftly looked upon as fome of the inoft formidable and threatening maladies that come under the care of the furgeon; their diagnofis is often extremely difficult; thd fevent of a large proportion of them is frequently of the moft calamitous nature, and from their intimate connection with fcrophula, the frequency of their occurrence is unfortunately greater in this ifland than in moft other parts of Europe. The author of the prefent work, whofe extenfive practice mull liave afforded him ample opportunity of confulting perfonal experience, has here given a concife view of feveral of the moll ferious difeafes of the knee-joint, with the mode of treatment which he confiders as the moft fuccefsful; and the reader will not be difappointed in expecting here the fame perfpicuity and accuracy which diftinguifh the Effay on Necrofis.
The iirft chapter treats of fuperficial injuries on this part, which, the author obferves, on account of the delicacy of the part, areofteii followed by the moft dangerous confequences. Extenlive farfaces of tendon and capfular ligament, feldom, if ever, granulate kindly, and even a flight injury in fuch parts is always liable to proceed to extenfive inflammation, floughing, and a long train of local and conftitutional evils.
The fecond chapter notices the injuries upon the burfe, belonging to the broad tendon which connedts the knee with the patella.
As this is a part very liable to accidental blows, to injury from kneeling, and the like, it often is the feat of tenfe diffufed fluctuating fwellings, which may be either the eftedt of fuppuration, or of Ample accumulation of the mucous fluid of the burfe. Thefe fhould be diftinguifhed, as often the practice is entirely different. A defcription of the appearance of tumours, containing blood, is given in the third chapter ;-which tumours are of more rare occurence, are often very indolent in their progrefs, and when converted into an open fore, prove exceedingly tedious, painful, and troublcfome of cure.
Hav ing defcribed thofe kinds of tumours which might fometimes be miftaken for the white fwelling, the author, in the fourth chapter, gives a detail of the fymptoms, progrefs, and varieties of this dreadful complaint. After relating theie, he notices feparately the ravages which it oecafions in the different parts in which it is feated, fuch as, morbid effufion on the capfular ligaments, gradual wafting of the cartilages, and eiofion of the articulating bones. The nature of white fwelling he decidedly refers to fcrophula.
A rare anomaly of difeafed joint (which is illultrated by a plate) is given in the feventh chapter. In fuch cafes, the joint becomes enlarged into a firm fwelling of confiderable fize and irregular fhape. The progrefs of the difeafe is extremely rapid, but the conllitutional fymptoms of he&ie do not prevail with great feverity (ill till the fwelling is at its height. On examination, after death, or amputation, the head of the tibia is either extremely enlarged and rendered quite fpongy or honey-combed in its texture, or it is almoft wholly confumed. In either cafe, the bone is very fragile, and even the head of the fibula fuffers, which is not the cafe in common white fwelling. At the fame time, the foft parts become gelatinous and ofafchirrous like appearance. The autho confiders it as by far the moft hopelefs cafe that can occur. If left to itfelf, it proves fatal by the conftitutional diieafe, and if the fevere meafure of amputation is reforted to, the patient (in all the cafes which the author has ften) has died of fubfequent hemorrhage.
The very painful, though not generally dangerous complaint of moveable bodies within the knee-joint, is next confidered at fome length. For the cure, unfortunately, nothing but excifion can afford any profpedt of fuccefs, and this operation is at all times fo hazardous, that it is only advifeable when the pain and inconvenience of the complaint are intolerable.
The method of cure occupies more than a third of the volume, and the merit of all the ufuai remedies is difcufied with confiderable attention. We do not find much novelty in the mode of cure propofed : On the firft attack* leeches and faturnine lotions are recommended, where the fymptoms are evidently inflammatory; but if otherwife, aftringent applications, efpecially decodtion of oak baric and alum.
Blifters are recommended very warmly in every cafe. Among the topical ftimulants, the author particularizes the powder of gum ammoniac moillened with vinegar of fquills, and the favine ointment recommended by Mr. Crowther. After treating of the cure of white fwelling, the author confiders the mode of prattice in fimple inflammation, gouty and rheumatic affe&ion, and fwellings of the burfa; mucoid.
A fhort chapter on anchylofis and a few formula; for fome of the applications here recommended, conclude the voulme. Three plates are added, one of the difeafed enlargement of the head of the tibia defcribed in the feventh chapter, and the two others of different fpecies of anchylofis.